Tuesday, August 5, 2025

Food Choices

 Food choices can be different when it comes to certain people, depending on what they like, how they eat it or how they taste it, all depends on the person. People sometimes or for the most cases avoid new food because they do not know if they might like it or not, so they tend to avoid things they have not tried before not knowing if they might actually like it or not. Different cultures have different ways of cooking something, or how it tastes like, and depending on how it tastes is what they might think of it. Sometimes the food being at isn't good though, like if you eat pizza everyday, that can cause you to gain weight or cause you to have poor eating habits. Having a bitter coffee might make you make a face because of how bitter it is, but if you add sugar, you will not be making that face. A lot can come from food choices, if you eat healthy that's good, but sometimes you are missing neutrons and if you eat poorly it is also bad because of how your health might worse.  



Procrastinating

Procrastinating is something we can all agree we have done it at least once. Either from saying you'll finish your homework the day before it's due but actually finish it an hour before it is due or getting through a whole list and having one more check off to do but you are too tired so you put it off for later or the next day; this can all be apart of procrastinating. Procrastination is a developed habit from putting off something you are supposed to do. In the article "Why We Procrastinate: The Psychology of Putting Things Off" talks about students procrastinating, "A 1997 study on student health found that students who procrastinated reported lower stress and less illness than peers early in the semester. As long as the deadline remained remote, the procrastinating students were better off. However, later in the semester, students who procrastinated experienced more stress and illness. They were sicker than their peers overall. The procrastinating students also received lower grades on all assignments." It mentions how student who procrastinate end up having lower stress and being less ill in someway, but this is only at the beginning of the semester. Towards the end of the semester, that is where the real stress began because of the lack of time they had. 

McLean Hospital. (2024, August 7). The real reason you’re procrastinating. McLean Hospital. https://www.mcleanhospital.org/essential/procrastination





Book Report on The Klansman’s Son: My Journey from White Nationalism to Antiracism by R Derek Black

The Klansman’s Son by R. Derek Black is a memoir that tells the life story of the author. Black was born surrounded by the hate of white nationalists in his community; Black’s own father was Don Black, a founder of the KKK linked organization, Stormfront. Black’s story describes their upbringing and how they turned their life around, becoming an activist for equality for all marginalized people. 

My favorite part of the book was Black’s college experience. Black went to the New College of Florida, which was a progressive school. This was an entirely different environment and community that Black was used to. I loved this part of Black’s memoir so emphatically because it truly showed Black’s progression and personal journey with their beliefs. In class, we learn about self-control, and I believe Black’s story is a perfect example of this. It is not Black’s fault that they were born into a community/ family that had such hate in their heart; however, despite this, Black took the responsibility upon themselves to change for the better. Black implemented immense self-control and willpower to change. 

Furthermore, it is within this section of the book that the audience truly sees Black’s psychological soft commitment; even when Black experienced setbacks and struggled with the fear of losing their identity and community by losing their learned hate, they stayed consistent with gradual change. Black’s memoir is extremely raw and vulnerable; they describe how it took years to renounce their old beliefs entirely, but they had “developed valuable patterns of behavior that bridge[d] over individual temptations” (Berg, 2025). 

In 2025, we are living in a time where so many people have dated mindsets that Black used to have. I so desperately wish more people could have the same self-reflection on the learned hate that they have within them and change like Black did. Ultimately, we all bleed the same color. We are all the same species. So why do we hate our own brothers and sisters when we should unite? Destruction and hate will never be the answer. 

Attached to this post is a link to a video that further delves into my opinion on learned bigotry and why Black’s conversion was successful. I would greatly appreciate it if you could all give my video a watch! Thank you all for an insightful semester; I have enjoyed reading your blog posts and responses. (:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1BJUhuCytazzV1jGYu8zpfBRNUI0DiC-s/view?usp=drivesdk


Self-control

  Self-control can be different things, like being impulsive, your emotions, what you consume and what you do. Sometimes not making smart choices can lead to consequences, like if you rob a bank, you have self-control over that, to not do it. Rather than those who have self-control seem to be making better options for themselves because they know what are bad decisions. You also have self-control over your emotions or how you feel about something because nobody is controlling you. Consuming a lot of alcohol or junk food can be bad for your health because of the bad toxicants. Everyone has self-control, it's only a matter of controlling yourself in certain aspects. 

In an article called "control" by Psychology Today, it tells us, "The richness of nerve connections in the prefrontal cortex enables people to plan, evaluate alternative actions, and ideally avoid doing things they'll later regret, rather than immediately respond to every impulse as it arises." This just means trying not to regret things you could do today or right now rather than waiting for the future and maybe not even end up doing it because you are trying to have self-control with what you want to do.  Personally, I try to have self-control with spending money, but I love going to concerts, but I also know I sometimes spend more than I'm supposed to and that is when I have self-control.

Psychology Today. (2019). Self-Control | Psychology Today. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/self-control



The Influential Mind- Book Report

The nature of influence is a powerful dynamic between the influencer and the influenced. Shaping behavior either in negative or positive ways, value outweighs volume. Tali Sharot’s The Influential Mind: What the Brain Reveals About Our Power to Change Others is a reminder of the natural psychological traits ingrained within us. The idea of loss aversion is deceptively simple with profound implications. Strictly avoiding loss, individuals will conform to influence when it aligns with their beliefs and values as well as serve their interests. The power of influence enables individuals to be locked within one perspective known as confirmation bias. Typically seen within politics, having a closed mind and only searching for information to support pre-existing beliefs and hypotheses is essentially what separates individuals. Overall Sharot beautifully describes that influence is not reduced to manipulation, but how to integrate the basic human brain mechanisms and ensuring the influencing reflects those qualities.  

My favorite part of The Influential Mind: What the Brain Reveals About Our Power to Change Others, is the human brain’s ability to be extremely stubborn at times. When a decision is made, that decision is upheld. Sharot states “when an established belief is difficult to weed out, seeding a new one may be the answer”. The brain naturally seeks out information that relates strongly to our beliefs, values, and pertains to our individual autonomy. Information asymmetry does not necessarily lead to belief convergence, but rather exacerbates one’s beliefs. 


When drawing a connection between The Influential Mind: What the Brain Reveals About Our Power to Change Others, I chose to relate it to the generalization of motivation. Change is generally more effective when redirected, rather than contradicted. By motivating someone with a new belief to replace a limiting belief, the old belief can eventually be overridden. An example of this can be found in Alfred Lansing’s Endurance: Shackleton’s Incredible Voyage. The original motivator that was hard to detach from was the goal to complete a historic Antarctic expedition. Rather quickly, Shackleton reframed that motivator into survival. Instead of succumbing to the disappointment of failing a goal, he repurposed that motivation to a more suitable goal. 


Sharot mentions the power of emotion and how positive emotions are more impactful at swaying opinions than negative emotions. This connects strongly with our country's political climate. By using emotional charged messages, politicians connect with their demographic on a visceral level. Also widespread within political parties, confirmation bias is extreme. If not worse when in the context of politics, confirmation bias leads to political polarization and allows for little to no common ground. 


The video below shows how powerful belief is within the human mind.







Incentives

     We learned about incentives and different incentives, and how they work, where we see them in our daily lives, and how they affect us. The interesting thing to me is how one incentive can work for one person and not another. I was working in a preschool, and I mainly worked with special education students, and incentives were a big part of trying to teach them a routine and how to communicate. When I started thinking about he different incentives we used, I wondered if we were just doing what we could think of or if there was a way to better project which incentive would work for a specific student. I could not find any article that strictly researched this, but I did find multiple articles that I thought were very interesting. I linked one below that I feel fits this question the best. 

Incentives

Food Neophobia

     Food Neophobia is a fear of trying new foods or foods that are unfamiliar to you. This is a pretty common fear. When I read about it in the slideshow, I decided to do a little digging on it. There are a few factors that can contribute to this, like trying a new food when you were younger and throwing up. Now you are scared to try new foods. How your family acts to trying new foods can also affect your view. Now, a lot of articles I read were about how to get a child out of food phobia and not adults, so that is a question to answer: Is there a way to change an adult's perspective of food, or is it too late? I have linked an article below that explains it further. 

Article- Food Neophobia


Procrastination

 Procrastination is something we distract ourselves with instead of doing a task we need to do.  Whether that task be folding laundry,  returning a library book, or doing school work. A lot of people suffer from procrastination, and most people do not have the self-control to take control and do what they need to do. I suffer from procrastination, and it feels as if I am stuck and there's no way I will ever beat procrastination. I came across this article by Fuschia Sirois called "Two Counterintuitive Ways to Stop Procrastinating". The two main ways are self-compassion and forgiveness. This was interesting for me because I never thought that first I need to understand and forgive myself for procrastinating, not punish myself. I have linked the article below if anyone would like to read it!

Article- Fuschia Sirois


Book Report

     I chose to read "The Influential Mind" by Tali Sharot. This is a seven-chapter book that delves into topics such as confirmation bias,  emotion, persuasion, and curiosity.  The main idea of this book is to see how our brain can change or influence others' brains. This means affecting their beliefs, actions, and thoughts. Now this can be done multiple ways, and can be done consciously and unconsciously. This book not only explains the reasons why we are persuaded but also how and where it stems from. It gives you an in-depth perspective and knowledge as to why our brain does what it does in these situations. 

    My favorite section of the book was on confirmation bias. This is a subsection in chapter 1.  This chapter delves into the question of whether or not evidence can change a person's beliefs. The conclusion of this chapter is that just evidence is probably not enough for reasons like confirmation bias. Confirmation bias is something that I have found draws me in in every class I have taken. The idea that you could go your whole life believing one thing because it was all that you saw, because you never went searching for more. Now, whether that is because of ignorance or just not knowing is a different story. This is my favorite because it made me sit and ponder the most. Because confirmation bias practically answers the question, if a person wants to believe something, they will always find the information and knowledge they want and ignore the rest. So the mind is always influenced, and depending on what you get caught in, it can be very hard to ever steer away from that. My mind goes to our section of reproduction, and a woman looking for a certain man, and vice versa. This makes me think of confirmation bias. They have in mind what the perfect man or woman is, and when they have that idea in their head, it is hard to change that. For a woman, it's a man with a good job, good money, etc... 

    Beyond this class, I think that this book is very helpful in understanding why changing one person's or a group of people's or an entire world's perspective is so difficult. Not only are we all unique, but we might not fully comprehend why we think or believe what we do. However, I think for all who are interested, it is a good read, it made me really think about why I believe what I believe, where it stems from, and how it can change. 

    Below, I have attached two videos. The first is an interview by the author where she talks a little about influencing others. The second video is more of an in-depth explanation of confirmation bias. 

                                           https://youtu.be/p-pRAxrc1vM?si=inrBktslHAndySqP 
    



https://youtu.be/Kho5KvPBDSw?si=aqYVs-jD4g7eHh4V 

Book Report

 The book that I read for this book report was, "Why We Sleep" by Matthew Walker. The book is laid out to inform us about any crucial or good reasonings that sleeping has. This book describes what it is to sleep, from the mental health problems, to the immune system and the coolest part to me which was the cardiovascular system. From learning the meaning of sleeping a little to sleeping more than we should, it was all fascinating to understand because of the many reasons we did not know how sleep can either affect us or be a good thing for us. Dreaming is something we all do, even if it was at least once in your life, everyone has had a dream before; the book talks about how dreams work. There are many details like we all think sleeping is to feel better the next morning and not wake up tired.In this book Matthew actually explains how sleeping is used to control how we feel, fight sickness and I feel like that is something I do when I'm sick or I'm not feeling great and my sleep fights it off in someway.

  My favorite part of this book has to be about dreaming. I did not know that being able to dream would provide a unique way we all get to experience. When you dream you're sometimes thinking you have been dreaming for hours from everything that might have been going on in the dream, but then you get woken up to. I also did not know that seconds before dreaming you will get completely paralyzed. As well as the reason your muscle activity is being eliminated at the time of you having your dream is because it will stop you from acting out, or doing something that is happening in your dream which is something I never knew.

   In the rewards lecture slides, it talks about the reinforcements there are for the effect on behaviors and the part that was mentioned about being paralyzed so you don’t do something that is happening in your sleep. The book as well as the lecture slides have a lot of information that has to do with us making our poor choices, like getting a little bit of sleep and being sleep deprived, that is an option, not a choice. 



Allure of Recognition

An extremely strong theme in the book was the allure of recognition. Recognition as a motivator has the ability to guide people to continue positive actions as well as lead people towards positive growth. In the case of Endurance: Shackleton’s Incredible Voyage, the crew's power of human spirit and adventurous purpose, they were able to overcome limitations in some of the harshest environments. However, one could think of the allure of recognition possessing certain drawbacks. The crew knew the expedition would be challenging with a high potential of being put in harm's way. The allure of recognition can drive someone to make irrational decisions and lead an individual to take excessive risks. 


 The final and interesting law regarding motivation that I found in the slides is the law of hedonic contrast, which explains how a person’s subjective emotions directly correlate with an incentive they’re doing. A great example of this could be a person who studies for an exam is more likely to be looking forward to it (at least just getting it done), and a person who procrastinates studying will most likely feel an abrasion towards completing the test. An interesting article that explored this topic deeper had also found data supporting the idea that humans tend to be more focused on their mistakes and unfavorable incentives than favorable ones, which could be a means of survival. In the experiment run on two groups of people, both were given the same hypothetical situation of a hospital either opening or closing during a pandemic, and whether or not the people would allow it to happen. The results had found that, “Our findings do not imply that people do not experience hedonic contrast for positive outcomes. Indeed, two of our studies (Studies 1b and 3a) found hedonic contrast for positive outcomes, even when attention was not experimentally drawn to a reference point. Our findings suggest only that people experience stronger hedonic contrast for negative than for positive outcomes.” Although this was one singular study to observe one behavioral law, this tactic could arguably be used quite often especially in politics to convince people that the hedonic value of something, in this case, a hospital, means that many people's lives and livelihoods depend on whether or not the majority crowd that funds them believes to have an intrinsic positive value. 

References: Voichek, G., & Novemsky, N. (2021). Asymmetric Hedonic Contrast: Pain Is More Contrast Dependent Than Pleasure. Psychological science, 32(7), 1038–1046. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797621991140


Why We Sleep | Book Report

 For my book report, I choose the book "Why We Sleep" by Matthew Walker. The book generally talks about how important sleep is for us and how essential it is for our physical and mental health. Sleep contributes to so many aspects of our lives that we don't even know or realize. Without sleep or lowered sleep, it can significantly decrease one's health in many different ways. Walker stresses within this book that sleep is the most effective thing we can do for our brains and health each day to rest it.   

    Some eye-opening information I learned from this book is sleep actually strengthens your memories and ability to obtain new information. Your brain's ability to obtain new information could actually drop by 40% without sleep. I found this interesting as I used to stay up late in high school and would always have trouble in class the next day. I always thought it was my ADHD at fault, but I now learned it was probably due to my poor sleeping habits.

    My favorite part was learning about REM sleep vs deep NREM sleep. I learned that Deep NREM Sleep is the sleep where you are not dreaming. Its benefits are that it strengthens your long-term memory, ability to retain new information, and can clear your brain waste. REM Sleep is when you are dreaming as you sleep. It is a lighter sleep that helps process your emotions, boosts your creativity, and increases your emotional memories. I thought this was insightful to learn about as I did not know there was a difference in what each kind of sleeping can do for your body.

     This connects to the class lecture slides about Impulsivity as sleep deprivation could make you more impulsive. We as humans make poor decisions sometimes for a short-term reward mostly when we're tired, stress, or emotional. With less sleep, our prefrontal cortex becomes weak and makes it harder for us to fight impulsive decisions. Walker talks about how sleep is what fuels the brain and if we do not get the right amount, our brains are physically unable to make good decisions. 



Monday, August 4, 2025

The Willpower Instinct Book Report

    “The Willpower Instinct” by Kelly McGonigal helps explain the science between willpower. The author uses a combination of medicine, neuroscience, and psychology to explain how we can increase our willpower to break habits and to create new and healthier habits. Willpower affects just about every aspect of our lives and it is important to understand what we can do to strengthen willpower. In the beginning, the author introduces the concept of the ‘I will, I won’t, and the I want power challenge. It was suggested to pick one of these challenges and apply it to each idea introduced in the book. She would continue to introduce topics that would help come up with strategies to develop self control and to further understand willpower. McGonigal not only gives us strategies to increase willpower, but she also helps us recognize how we lose willpower and being aware of that will further allow yourself to be prepared rather than giving into temptations and traps. Knowing how you fail, can help you prevent it from happening and prepare you for if failures of willpower do happen. This book emphasized the importance of being aware of your self control and willpower and how important it is to implement strategies to improve this strength.
    There were two parts of this book that I found interesting. First was the introduction of the power challenges and the way the author suggested using these to apply to the topics throughout the book. I found that this was a personal touch where I could pick one of these challenges and directly apply it to myself and how each of the topics would correlate with what I picked. This also made the book feel more interactive as I was constantly thinking about how each topic would help my power challenge. My other favorite part of the book were the willpower experiments at the conclusion of a topic. This challenges the reader to take what they just learned and try to implement in a small way in their life. One that I really liked was the  “Dopaminize Your I Will Power Challenge.” This introduced the concept of trying to make something that is unpleasant or something that you don’t want to do more motivating by doing an activity that triggers dopamine. The combination of an undesirable activity mixed with something that triggers dopamine may help make a positive connection to this activity. For example, my undesirable activity was exercising, but when I paired it with listening to music and reading a book, it made me want to exercise more. These willpower experiments really helped me come up with my own scenarios and allowed me to further understand the topic that was just introduced.

(Implementing the Willpower Experiment)


In our class, we have learned about self-control and impulsivity and how these may influence procrastination. This class explained procrastination in a theory where we tend to choose activities that guarantee an immediate reward or outcome. This means pushing off the activities that may seem daunting or boring, hence being named procrastination. McGonigal also described why we procrastinate as wanting to feel good right now rather than wait longer. With school assignments, a lot of us would rather be doing something social or entertaining, which satisfies the present self, but will leave the future self scrambling. She gave some strategies that include your self control in order to help limit procrastination and help you notice when it’s happening. One of these was to imagine how your future self would feel if you don’t complete the task. This helps put the task into perspective. If you visualize that your future self is going to be stressed that the task wasn’t done sooner, then you would be more willing to get it done now so you are not stressed in the future. I think the strategies for self control in relation to procrastination can help a lot of high school and college students get assignments done more efficiently. Rather than waiting to do assignments until the last minute and then feeling guilty, we can introduce these self control strategies for procrastination to help students realize there are ways for daunting and boring tasks to feel rewarding, and this would be helping them in the future. 


Reference


McGonigal, K. (2013). The willpower instinct: How self-control works, why it matters, and what you can do to get more of it. Avery.


Book Report

The book I read was "Why We Sleep" by Mathew Walker. I chose this book because as I read the back it seemed appealing to me because it explained how sleeping impacts our lives emotionally, way of learning, our immune system and our memory. As someone who loves to sleep I loved reading and learning about the different stages of sleep and what their roles are as well as how to improve our sleep and ways that poor sleeping habits can affect us physically and mentally.

 My favorite part was the roles of dreams. I know that dreams are very powerful with the unconscious mind and I have also kept a dream journal that helped me unfold what my dreams really meant. The neurosurgeon in the book explained that dreams act as overnight emotional therapy that helps our brain overcome worries. Dreams can also help with mood regulations because (and you may notice) that when you wake up you feel calm and less anxious as when you went to bed. Whenever I am having a bad night and I'm overthinking or stressed I always tell myself to go to bed because whenever I wake up it's like all of those overwhelming emotions are gone. Relating to our lecture slides, having good sleep makes your performance the best. So, when I am getting ready to go to sleep, I try to make sure I am calm and happy so I have good dreams and a full potential sleep so I have 100% effort and feel good the next day. 

I have read many books in my life and there is one that I am currently reading that reminds to of dreams and nightmares. In the book, the character has schizophrenia and while that is not completely all because of her mood (more of a disorder), the way she feels determines on wether she has a good night or not. If she is calm and happy, the monsters are gone when she goes to sleep but when she is angry and frustrated, the monsters come back and she gets a lot of heavy emotions that affect her mood and performance in everything she does. 

   

Book Report

        The book I chose for my book report is The Klansman’s Son by R. Derek Black. It is a 14-chapter book that follows the life of the author R. Derek Black as he is raised with the ideology of White Nationalism. The book discusses how Black feels as he is raised to be a leader in the white nationalist movement by his father, Don Black a former member of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). He attends a liberal arts college, where he is exposed to different backgrounds and beliefs. As his worldview is challenged, especially by his peers, he begins to have an internal conflict centered around his beliefs. Black is conflicted about his identity and how changing will affect his life. Ultimately, Black renounces white nationalism publicly. The book focuses on themes like identity, indoctrination, social influence, and the power of empathy in overcoming hate.

        My favorite part of the book is when Black begins to have an honest and respectful conversation with a fellow student named Allison. Instead of shutting him down or calling him out about why his beliefs are wrong. Allison takes the time to listen to his view and then presents thoughtful research and counterarguments. What really stood out to me was how Black was willing to engage in conversation with her. These discussions didn’t immediately change his perspective, but instead, he began seeing how his ideology was flawed. As he begins to confront the flaws in his ideology, he starts to have an internal struggle about his identity. Black starts to distance himself from the white nationalist movement but is hesitant to speak out publicly. Fearing that he would lose his family and his community. His journey can be understood through his motivations.  At first, strong extrinsic motivation, like family approval and fear of rejection kept him loyal to the movement. However, over time, his intrinsic desire for freedom and authenticity grew stronger, ultimately leading to his rejection of the movement.

        This book is very relevant today. It shows how white nationalist ideology can be passed down like a family tradition. But it also demonstrates how deeply ingrained hate can be challenged and replaced by real-life experiences and meaningful relationships. Black recognized the flaws in his beliefs not because someone attacked him but because someone listened. Instead of responding with hate or judgment, Allison met him with empathy. Sometimes, just having one person willing to listen can have a greater impact than we realize. One quote from Allison stood out to me, “I believe the way to impact a specific person is to be a specific person in their world” (Black p. 270). It reminds me that real change often starts with something simple, like personal human connection.

        To demonstrate how empathy scales beyond a one-on-one conversation, I recommend the TED Talk “How to fight hate without being hateful” by Charlotte McDonald-Gibson. In her talk, McDonald-Gibson discusses real-world examples of how listening without judgment defuses situations and builds bridges between people. This is like what Allison did with Black, she was willing to step into his world without condemning him. 

procrastination

Reading the slides of procrastination make me think about how people that know that delaying an assignment or activity made least to a bad outcome but they still do it. I also find myself delaying all sorts of things to the latest I can possibly do it even though the outcome won't be as good as if I didn't. Learning about the Temporal Motivation Theory helped me understand that the reason I do procrastinate is because I would much rather do something I enjoy. When I sit doesn't to do an assignment, if there is something else I would rather do, I do it. I also found that because I am an artsy person, if I have an assignment that involves any art I do it straight away because it involves something I enjoy doing. I also notice I put way more effort into assignments that I enjoy no matter what it is. I do not necessarily have a motivation to get the assignments done besides that I don't have a choice because it is due that day or night. It is definitely something I want to work on this year and semester. 

Reproduction

 I never thought about reproduction as such scientific reasoning behind it. I think what surprised me was that when you look at someone for the first time, your mind subconsciously is thinking about babies and health in the future. I feel like I don't find myself thinking about those things but maybe deep down I am I just haven't realized it. Mate poaching was also interesting because it kind of explains why other people find people who are in a relationship more attractive in a way. I am not surprised that for both men and women , attractiveness is key because that is more of just common sense. The reason people go up to someone that they don't know to strike up a conversation is based on their attractiveness to them not their personality. I know that personally I would rather try to pursue something more with someone because of their looks rather than their personality. 

Food

 Going through the slides about how your preference in food developed over time from when before you were born was very interesting. Reading about how when a pregnant mother eats carrots, the baby then tastes the carrot flavor through the breast milk changed my perspective on eating while pregnant. In my theory, I would assume that whatever you eat, the baby becomes familiar with and ends up liking it too. For example, if a pregnant mother were to eat pickles all the time, the baby would love pickles as well as they grew older and began to eat. Now I feel that mothers should be careful about what they consume in their bodies while pregnant. 

I also find that the food that you eat while you are hungry can be trained into craving healthy foods when hungry because the foods you eat while you are hungry are more preferred than the foods you eat when aren't as hungry. So when I feel like I'm starving and I think about how I want to eat a burger or McDonalds, I can eat something healthier instead so my cravings for the fast food aren't as strong for when I'm starving in the future. 

Book Report 2025

 Book Report on Why We Sleep by Matthew Walker

"Why We Sleep" by Matthew Walker, dives deep into the science behind sleep and why it’s so essential to human life. Walker, a neuroscientist and sleep expert, breaks down how sleep impacts our physical and mental health, learning, memory, emotional stability, immune system, and even lifespan. The book doesn’t just explain what sleep does, it emphasizes what happens when we don’t get enough of it. One of the most surprising takeaways was how consistently bad sleep is linked to things like Alzheimer’s, heart disease, weight gain, and anxiety. Throughout the chapters, Walker uses relatable stories, research, and stats to show just how powerful sleep is, and how our society has completely undervalued it.

Favorite Part
My favorite part of the book was Chapter 6: "Your Mother and Shakespeare Knew." This chapter really stuck with me because it focused on the role of sleep in learning and memory; something that hits close to home as a student. Walker explains how sleep before learning helps the brain prepare to absorb new information, while sleep after learning helps “cement” that info into long-term memory. He compared it to hitting the "save" button on your brain. This reminded me of topics in our lectures about cognitive performance and self-control especially how lack of sleep can lead to impulsive decisions or poor academic habits. It also made me rethink the way I cram late at night. Turns out, pulling all-nighters can actually make you forget more than you learn.

Connection to Class Concepts
This ties in perfectly with our class discussions around self-regulation, reward systems, and procrastination. Sleep deprivation reduces activity in the prefrontal cortex, which is the part of the brain responsible for decision-making and self-control. That explains why we procrastinate more, make worse decisions, and are drawn to instant rewards when we’re tired. I noticed this in myself on days I get less sleep, I tend to eat less weirdly, work less hard and push off tasks. The book backs this with science, which made me feel seen and also a bit exposed, in a good way.

Real-World Extension                                                                                                                           Reading this made me think about the way sleep is treated in our culture, especially in schools and work. It’s almost praised to be sleep-deprived, like it means you’re grinding harder than everyone else. But that mindset is draining us. If schools started later and employers prioritized rest, it could improve mental health, productivity, and even reduce diseases. Honestly, I think "Why We Sleep" should be required reading in high schools and colleges, it’s that important.

Book Report

 

The book I chose for my book report was “The Willpower Instinct: How Self Control Works, Why It Matters, and How You Can Get More of It” by Kelly McGonagal. This book describes the biology of the brain and how it impacts self-control, various methods of finding your own willpower when you feel out of control in your decision making.  There are various exercises that the reader can do for each chapter, called “I Will,” “I Won’t” and “I Want.” “I Will” exercises allow the reader to pursue goals they have been procrastinating or pushing off, “I Won’t” exercises train your brain not to give into temptation such as with eating unhealthy food when on a diet, and “I Want” exercises allow the reader to prioritize what is important for their future to make more meaningful, long term decisions. The neuropsychology of decision-making is discussed, such as the role of dopamine in anticipation of a reward and how to resist temptation, as well as the economic system’s role in tempting us in the first place. Self-control is within the individual’s power, and although instincts about wanting things seem vital to resist, we have to acknowledge them in order to maintain our willpower. By looking at the different themes throughout this book with a focus on the exercises, we can begin to regain control over our impulses instead of letting them rule our lives.

            My favorite part of the book was the technique in chapter two about spending five minutes in nature to renew your willpower. I thought this part was especially interesting because I personally love hiking. Hiking always calms me and leaves me rejuvenated to do my schoolwork. The book calls this “green exercise” and McGonagal explains that it is better than working out at the gym because it is a “low intensity form of exercise” that is better for raising your mood. I thought that was especially true for me because if I am feeling anxious, a walk in the park helps me feel grounded and more clear minded. Something I thought was a cool tie in to the course was how exercise, in this case walking in nature, can be a “positive addiction” and help prevent falling back into “negative addiction.” Exercise is good for a person’s health and when hiking, I feel more in control of my health instead of overeating. After reading this book, I want to hike even more than I already do because it makes me feel more able to manage my physical health and motivated to make good decisions about my diet.

            For the creative part of my book report, I wrote a poem on willpower and how it is difficult for many people to access, which was something McGonagal discussed in her book.

“Motivation” by Adrian James

We all have moments of failure

At least some of the time

We all give up once in a while

For some reason or rhyme

 

We’ve all been told by someone

“You can’t achieve this goal

Because you’re not good enough”

And then we don’t want to try at all

 

But if we believe in our abilities

And trust in our instincts

The truth is easy to see

That we can make our dreams come true

 

If we push beyond what they say is possible

And work hard on ourselves

We can do anything we want

And we can do it well

 

So put your soul into everything

And remember it’s your life

It’s your song to sing

So do it with all your might

 

My poem describes how many people feel willpower is an impossible feat, but despite what we tell ourselves, we can do anything we set our minds to. Willpower is something that may seem difficult, but as long as we have self-knowledge we can figure out ways to achieve it.

            The exercises in this book can most definitely be extended outside of this class. I intend to use meditation in my own life to improve my sense of well-being and happiness. Mediation is a common tool used by people to achieve self-knowledge, and this technique can certainly be used to improve willpower as described in this book. Learning who you are as a person and what your faults are is an indispensable skill, and I would recommend this book to anyone who is looking for ways to improve their life satisfaction and mental wellbeing.

Food preferences

I learned I don't like certain brands of sausages. Taste aversion is something I am familiar with. It is a part of classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus, in my case, it was a sausage, was paired with nausea, an unconditioned stimulus. This created a conditioned response in me, not eating the sausage. Thus, causing me to stay away from certain sausages because I don't want the feeling of being sick to happen again. 

Book Report

Why We Sleep by Matthew Walker was written to inform its readers about sleep and its effect on people. There are 4 parts to this book with 16 total chapters. Each part provides different topics about what it is, why you should sleep, how dreaming works, and society's impact. Sleep influences cognitive performance, learning, memory, and mental and physical health. 

My favorite part was learning about sleep deprivation and the brain in chapter 8. Walker pointed out that most diseases were caused by a lack of sleep. Getting a poor night's rest may weaken your immune system, making it easier to get sick and catch infections. A person is also at risk for cancers, growing tumors, and heart diseases or attacks, if they do not get the proper amount of sleep. 

Lack of sleep can cause weight gain by increasing appetite and food consumption while decreasing fullness or satisfaction. It can also cause poor mental health conditions like depression and anxiety. In the food lecture slides, the more stressed a person is, the more they will eat. The more you eat while sleep deprived, the more weight gain and unhealthy choices you might make. Being sleep deprived may cause you to be less physically active, also affecting your weight.

What I learned from this book is that sleep is very important for everyone. Sleeping is what makes learning beneficial, creates good decision-making, keeps emotions in check, and helps memory do its thing. I also learned that both under sleeping and over sleeping are bad for your health, and to stop both from happening, create a sleep schedule, no caffeine, exercise, and a little sunlight exposure helps too.



Personality Disposition to Drugs

 It was interesting to learn about why certain people may be more vulnerable in giving in to trying drugs and getting addicted. There are a variety of factors including your genetic disposition, but what really interested me was that your personality can also be a tell. From the slides, I learned that those who tend to be high sensation seekers are more likely to seek out drugs because it gives them quick stimulation. Another personality trait is the level of impulsiveness. If you are more impulsive then you have a lower awareness of the negative consequences that may come with taking drugs, and their senses tend to be heightened more. I was interested to learn if there are any other traits that may correlate with being more vulnerable to trying drugs. When looking at the big five personality traits, neuroticism, high openness to experience, low agreeableness, and low conscientiousness were all traits that people who use drugs were high in (Director, 2021). If you are higher in neuroticism then you tend to be more impulsive and have less self control. This makes the decision to start using and to continue using drugs easier as they are less likely to think about the consequences and do not have the power to stop themselves. High openness to experience means that they are more willing to try something new and again, not worrying about the consequences it may bring. I was also surprised to learn that some personality traits have shown to have a draw to certain drugs (Director, 2021). Although there is some correlation between these personality traits and using drugs, it is not guaranteed that these traits will use drugs, you will just have a higher disposition to it. Having self control with any of these personality traits can help in the resistance to use drugs. 

Reference

Director, K. M. . M. S. W.-. C. W. C. (2021, December 1). Personality traits related to drug use.
Fort Behavioral Health. https://fortbehavioral.com/addiction-recovery-blog/personality-traits-related-to-drug-use/

Sunday, August 3, 2025

Drugs

I find it really interesting how we’re taught from a young age that drugs are bad yet one of the most widely used psychoactive stimulants in the world, caffeine, is accepted and even encouraged. It can be found in coffee, tea, sodas, energy drinks, and chocolate. For many people drinking coffee is a daily habit that starts in high school. Even though caffeine can lead to dependence and withdrawal symptoms, it’s something that isn’t talked about much. Caffeine makes people feel more alert, energized, and clear-headed, which explains why people drink it to start their day. I personally have always tried to limit how much caffeine I consume. For example, I try not to drink coffee too late in the day because it affects how much I sleep. But interestingly, I don’t think twice about drinking soda at night, even though it also contains caffeine. Watching the video "Your Brain On Caffeine" (https://youtu.be/V2Aj-iJ6p38) made me realize how caffeine can influence our behavior and motivation without noticing. Caffeine affects our brain chemistry by people to feel good for a short period of time.

Hull Spence Theory

  An interesting theory described in the slides is the Hull Spence’s drive reduction theory, which is an interesting explatation on how the ratio of a rewarding and or difficult task to its completion is correlated to a person's arousal levels. An example of this could be feeling the pressure of a high stakes test, and not feeling secure about a correct response but having a stronger response to an incorrect answer. I believe this theory can be easily applied to many people’s first high stakes test, which is their drivers test. In New Jersey, the requirement to pass is an 80%, and the stress arousal for a student taking one could arguably be quite elevated. In this example and for Hull’s definition, the performance of the behavior being learned, in this case, being able to drive, isn’t attributed to habituation, which would be a decrease in the response skill, but rather for a motivational use. In this case, the motivation is for the freedom of being able to drive a car, and the complex task of driving has more of a focus on incorrections rather than passes. Unfortunately, although a majority of studies used for this theory are unfortunately quite old, (the youngest study I could find was from the 90s), but an experiment run in the 70s on two rats, who had two responses to give to a task, and afterwards the experiment had confirmed that, “Two major assumptions of Spence's discrimination learning theory were confirmed: (a) learning is continuous, and (b) discriminative stimuli in simple discrimination tasks of both simultaneous and successive types are compounds with position elements as well as elements from the relevant visual dimension. The distinctive, consistent pattern of learning revealed by the choice-time measure suggests that position habits reflect a learning strategy in which the complex task is learned as a series of simpler ones.” (Robert D Hall,

Choice times and Spence's discrimination learning theory, Learning and Motivation, Volume 6, Issue 2, 1975, Pages 202-216). Although this theory is, quite frankly outdated and obsolete, 

it is an interesting older explanation so to speak to explain how difficult tasks seem to make someone more focused on their mistakes rather than triumphs.

Reference: Robert D Hall, Choice times and Spence's discrimination learning theory, Learning and Motivation, Volume 6, Issue 2, 1975, Pages 202-216, ISSN 0023-9690, https://doi.org/10.1016/0023-9690(75)90022-3.

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0023969075900223)


Food Preference and Personality

While reading the unit's material on food, I wondered how much of one’s personality (if any at all) could be predicted by their food preferences. A fascinating article by Karen Wu presents nine tersely stated correlations between food preferences and personality, along with the studies that back them up. I found the facts interesting, and I recommend reading the article (as stated in my references and hyperlinked here) for the information and studies on each of the nine connections just because they are interesting. 

However, I would like to share my thoughts on the first fact in the article. Wu states that “If you like bitter food, you may be a bitter person. In other words, you may have greater levels of antisocial or psychopathic traits” (Wu, 2023). She then details the findings from a study in which researchers surveyed 953 Americans about their personality and food preferences; the study showed that “preferences for bitter food predicted antisocial traits, specifically psychopathy, aggression, and especially everyday sadism, or experiencing pleasure from other people’s pain in everyday life” (Wu, 2023).

The findings made me consider innate preferences and the biological instincts associated with the food we eat. The generalized fact that “If you like bitter food, you may be a bitter person” makes sense to me, considering that in this course we learned about how even at a young age, humans tend to “prefer sweets and shun bitter stimuli” (Berg, 2025). In other words, the preference for bitter food goes against biological instincts, which makes it very plausible that those who willingly eat bitter foods are “bitter” themselves.

References

Berg, M. (2025). Motivation PSYC 3380's "Food" Slideshow.

Wu, K. (2023, January 8). 9 Things That Your Food Might Say About Your Personality. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-modern-heart/202301/9-things-that-your-food-might-say-about-your-personality

The Ick

    Throughout this course, a unit that stood out to me was the one on psychological motivation in mate selection and reproduction. What piqued my interest in this unit was the connection I made between it and the recent Gen-Z terminology of "the ick." The ick is a feeling that a person (usually a woman) gets from another person (usually a man) they are romantically interested in; someone usually gets the ick when their love interest does something cringey or embarrassing. As Angelica Stabile states in her article Why do women get 'the ick' from men? Experts explain the psychology behind the feeling, "chewing with an open mouth, wearing flip-flops, or tripping over their own feet while walking," (Stabile, 2024) are all common icks.

    The connection between this phenomenon and PSYC 3380 is the "biological, primal instinct" (Stabile, 2024) that causes the ick. Stabile states that in many primate species, including humans, adult females have a higher sensitivity to things considered distasteful in their partners; women tend to have a more easily activated habenula, which is "a central part of the brain that's involved in various important functions, including motivation and decision-making" (Stabile, 2024). When women get the ick, their habenula gets activated, thus diminishing the woman's desire and motivation to pursue a relationship.

    The psychological explanation behind why women get the ick is that women's habenulas are inherently negative and are incessantly scouting for anything that's not appealing in their mate. According to Stabile, this part of the brain is so negative because women are subconsciously sensitive to their environment due to their biological needs; women want to protect their future children and want to give them the best environment to live in, meaning they must be particularly selective in their mate selection.

    Of course, this explanation behind the ick is heteronormative and generalized, but regardless, I found this information behind the ick to be fascinating and a good link between this course and real life.


References

Stabile, A. (2024, December 12). Science reveals why men give women' the ick'. Fox News.https://nypost.com/2024/12/12/lifestyle/why-do-women-get-the-ick-from-men-experts-explain-the-psychology-behind-the-feeling/